Engineers assume responsibility for cradle-to-grave operations associated with a project.  The general life cycle for an engineering design project, schematically represented in Figure 1, begins with the conceptualization stage and progressing to an assessment of resources (Resource and Site Characterization, Technology Assessment, and Economic Evaluation). 

As management continues to see a potential, engineers conduct feasibility design studies to justify continuation of the project.  As the project approaches the construction phase, engineers ultimately optimize the system.  At each stage, the evaluation and analysis requires greater accuracy as well as effort to produce evidence necessary to continue the process.  Engineering shifts to trouble-shooting during the construction and operations stages.  Finally the team needs to follow up with the reclamation projects necessary to return the environment similar to its natural state.