(************** Content-type: application/mathematica ************** CreatedBy='Mathematica 5.0' Mathematica-Compatible Notebook This notebook can be used with any Mathematica-compatible application, such as Mathematica, MathReader or Publicon. The data for the notebook starts with the line containing stars above. To get the notebook into a Mathematica-compatible application, do one of the following: * Save the data starting with the line of stars above into a file with a name ending in .nb, then open the file inside the application; * Copy the data starting with the line of stars above to the clipboard, then use the Paste menu command inside the application. Data for notebooks contains only printable 7-bit ASCII and can be sent directly in email or through ftp in text mode. Newlines can be CR, LF or CRLF (Unix, Macintosh or MS-DOS style). 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For more information on notebooks and Mathematica-compatible applications, contact Wolfram Research: web: http://www.wolfram.com email: info@wolfram.com phone: +1-217-398-0700 (U.S.) Notebook reader applications are available free of charge from Wolfram Research. *******************************************************************) (*CacheID: 232*) (*NotebookFileLineBreakTest NotebookFileLineBreakTest*) (*NotebookOptionsPosition[ 45009, 1415]*) (*NotebookOutlinePosition[ 54767, 1706]*) (* CellTagsIndexPosition[ 54417, 1691]*) (*WindowFrame->Normal*) Notebook[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(\(\(\[IndentingNewLine]\)\(First, \ set\ the\ directory\ so\ that\ Mathematica\ knows\ where\ to\ get\ \ the\ \ code . \ For\ \(\(example\)\(:\)\)\)\)\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(SetDirectory["\"]\)], "Input", CellLabel->"In[1]:="], Cell[BoxData[ \(Second, \ load\ the\ package . \ The\ command\ below\ will\ generate\ two\ messages\ \ \((one\ will\ \ say\ that\ the\ package\ was\ successfully\ loaded)\)\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(Get["\"]\)], "Input", CellLabel->"In[2]:="], Cell[BoxData[ \(\(\(\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \)\(The\ code\ has\ been\ updated\ on\ October\ 23, 2005. \ \[IndentingNewLine] \ \ \ \ \ \ \ Reason : \ make\ the\ code\ compatible\ with\ Mathematica\ v . \ 5.0\ and\ 5.1 . \ \[IndentingNewLine]This\ notebook\ has\ been\ \ updated\ on\ June\ 7, 2006. \)\)\)], "Input"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["\[Copyright] Copyright Notice", "Section", CellMargins->{{10.75, 24.125}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, Evaluatable->False, CellLabelMargins->{{11.5625, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, AspectRatioFixed->True, CellTags->"Copyright"], Cell[TextData[{ "Copyright \[Copyright] by Unal Goktas and Willy Hereman (Department of \ Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, \ Colorado, USA). No part of the ", StyleBox["Integrability ", FontSlant->"Italic"], "package can be sold or reproduced without written consent of the authors. \ ", ButtonBox["Wolfram Research", ButtonData:>{ URL[ "http://www.wolfram.com"], None}, ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"], ", Inc. (Champaign, Illinois, USA) is the holder of the copyright to the ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " software system." }], "Text", CellMargins->{{10.75, 24.125}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, Evaluatable->False, CellLabelMargins->{{11.5625, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, TextAlignment->Left, TextJustification->1, AspectRatioFixed->True, CellTags->"Copyright"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[TextData[{ "About the Package: ", StyleBox["Integrability", FontFamily->"Helvetica", FontSlant->"Italic"] }], "Section", CellMargins->{{10.75, 24.125}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, Evaluatable->False, CellLabelMargins->{{11.5625, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, TextAlignment->Left, TextJustification->0, AspectRatioFixed->True, CellTags->"Introduction"], Cell[TextData[{ "Nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) and differential \ difference equations (DDEs) possess a number of remarkable properties \ reflecting their rich mathematical structure. Such properties include the \ Painleve property, nontrivial prolongation and bi-Hamiltonian structures, \ soliton solutions, Lax pairs, Backlund transformations, symmetries and \ conservation laws (which we call invariants). They reveal the adequacy of \ PDEs and DDEs as models for physical relevant phenomena. The search for these \ intrinsic properties becomes more attractive due to the availability of CAS \ such as ", StyleBox["Mathematica.", FontSlant->"Italic"], " Indeed, ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " is well suited and often necessary tool to perform the computations \ inherent in the investigation of integrability." }], "Text", CellMargins->{{10.75, 24.125}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, Evaluatable->False, CellLabelMargins->{{11.5625, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, TextAlignment->Left, TextJustification->0, AspectRatioFixed->True, CellTags->"Introduction"], Cell[TextData[{ StyleBox["Integrability ", FontSlant->"Italic"], "is a collection of ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " functions addressing computations of invariants and symmetries in \ analyzing nonlinear PDEs and DDEs. The main topics covered in the ", StyleBox["Integrability", FontSlant->"Italic"], " package are as follows:\n\[FilledVerySmallSquare] Computations of \ invariants (that is conservation laws) for systems of nonlinear PDEs and \ DDEs,\n\[FilledVerySmallSquare] Computations of symmetries for systems of \ nonlinear PDEs and DDEs." }], "Text", CellMargins->{{10.75, 24.125}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, Evaluatable->False, CellLabelMargins->{{11.5625, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, TextAlignment->Left, TextJustification->0, AspectRatioFixed->True, CellTags->"Introduction"], Cell[TextData[{ "A complete set of mathematical definitions and the concepts used in the \ package and this manual are beyond the scope of this document. For the formal \ definitions of the concepts and the theory behind the functions in the ", StyleBox["Integrability", FontSlant->"Italic"], " package, consult the references given in the References section. In this \ manual, a basic knowledge of ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " is assumed. For further information on ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], ", consult the standard ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " reference: ", StyleBox["The Mathematica Book", FontSlant->"Italic"], ", Stephen Wolfram, Third Edition, Wolfram Media and Cambridge University \ Press, 1996." }], "Text", CellMargins->{{10.75, 24.125}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, Evaluatable->False, CellLabelMargins->{{11.5625, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, TextAlignment->Left, TextJustification->0, AspectRatioFixed->True, CellTags->"Introduction"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Organization of the Package and Functionality", "Section", CellMargins->{{10.75, 24.125}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, Evaluatable->False, CellLabelMargins->{{11.5625, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, AspectRatioFixed->True, CellTags->"Organization"], Cell[TextData[{ "The package ", StyleBox["Integrability", FontSlant->"Italic"], " consists of the following M", StyleBox["athematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " packages. 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If \ WeightRules ->{Weight[u] -> val, ...}, then scaling properties are determined \ under these rules. There is a built in checking mechanism to see if the given \ rules cause inconsistency.\:f3b5\n", StyleBox["WeightedParameters", FontWeight->"Bold"], " is an option that determines the parameters with weight. If \ WeightedParameters -> {p1, p2, ...}, then p1, p2,.... are considered as \ constant parameters with weight. The default is WeightedParameters -> {}.\n", StyleBox["MaxExplicitDependency", FontWeight->"Bold"], " is an option in finding the invariant and generalized symmetries of PDEs \ and DDEs. If MaxExplicitDependency-> Max_Integer, then program allows \ explicit dependency of independent variables of maximum degree of Max. The \ default is MaxExplicitDependency -> 0.\n", StyleBox["UndeterminedCoefficients", FontWeight->"Bold"], " is an option that determines the name of the constant coefficients to \ use. The default is UndeterminedCoefficients ->C.\:f3b5" }], "Text", CellFrame->True, CellMargins->{{10.75, 24.125}, {0, Inherited}}, Evaluatable->False, CellLabelMargins->{{11.5625, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, TextAlignment->Left, TextJustification->1, AspectRatioFixed->True, FontSlant->"Plain", FontTracking->"Plain", FontVariations->{"Underline"->False, "Outline"->False, "Shadow"->False}, CellTags->"Organization"], Cell[TextData[{ StyleBox["Options of functions in ", FontFamily->"Helvetica", FontSize->9], StyleBox["Integrability", FontFamily->"Helvetica", FontSize->9, FontSlant->"Italic"] }], "Text", CellMargins->{{10.75, 24.125}, {10, 0}}, CellLabelMargins->{{11.5625, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, FrameBoxOptions->{BoxMargins->{{0.4, 0.4}, {0, 0}}}, CellTags->"Organization"], Cell[BoxData[ \(\(\(\[IndentingNewLine]\)\(IMPORTANT\ \(\(NOTE\)\(:\)\(\ \)\)\)\)\)], \ "Input"], Cell[BoxData[{ \(The\ user\ does\ not\ have\ to\ install\ the\ package\ Integrability\ \ to\ be\ able\ to\ use\ it . \ The\ core\ code\ is\), "\[IndentingNewLine]", \(in\ the\ file\ InvariantsSymmetries . m . \ Therefore, \ the\ \ Sections\ \((below)\)\ on\ Loading\ the\ Package\ and\ Palettes\ \ can\ be\ skipped, \ provided\ \ the\ two\ Mathematica\ commands\ for\ setting\ the\ Directory\ \ and\ loading\ the\ file\ InvariantsSymmetries . m\ via\ the\ Set\ command\ \((at\ the\ top\ of\ this\ notebook)\)\ \ have\ been\ executed . \ \[IndentingNewLine]So, \ go\ to\ the\ section\ with\ Examples\ and\ execute\ the\ commands\ one\ \ by\ \(\(one\)\(.\)\(\ \)\)\)}], "Input"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Loading the Package", "Section", CellMargins->{{10.75, 24.125}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, Evaluatable->False, CellLabelMargins->{{11.5625, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, AspectRatioFixed->True, CellTags->"Loading"], Cell[TextData[{ "To access all of the functions in ", StyleBox["Integrability", FontSlant->"Italic"], ", all you need to do is to load the file ", StyleBox["Integrability`init.m`", FontWeight->"Bold"], " by typing the following line in a ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " 3.0 notebook:" }], "Text", CellMargins->{{10.75, 24.125}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, Evaluatable->False, CellLabelMargins->{{11.5625, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, TextAlignment->Left, TextJustification->1, AspectRatioFixed->True, CellTags->"Loading"], Cell["<{{10.75, 24.125}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, CellLabelMargins->{{11.5625, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, AspectRatioFixed->True, CellTags->"Loading"], Cell["\<\ or simply, click at the following button \"Load Integrability\" in the help \ browser entry for the package. Note that this button can be copy-and-pasted \ in a notebook without losing its function.\ \>", "Text", CellTags->"Loading"], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{" ", TagBox[ ButtonBox[\(Load\ Integrability\), ButtonFunction:>CompoundExpression[ Get[ "Integrability`"]], ButtonEvaluator->Automatic, Active->True], DisplayForm]}]], "Input", CellTags->"Loading"], Cell[TextData[{ "Once ", StyleBox["Integrability`init.m`", FontWeight->"Bold"], " is loaded, the package will be automatically loaded when a function in \ the package is called from the ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " environment. So, in addition to the execution time of a function, some \ delay will occur when a package is first loaded." }], "Text", CellMargins->{{10.75, 24.125}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, Evaluatable->False, CellLabelMargins->{{11.5625, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, TextAlignment->Left, TextJustification->1, AspectRatioFixed->True, CellTags->"Loading"], Cell[TextData[{ "If the directory in which the package is located is not on the ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " ", StyleBox["$Path", FontWeight->"Bold"], ", a warning message will be generated. To solve this problem, the \ directory containing the package should be included on the path ", StyleBox["$Path", FontWeight->"Bold"], ". The following ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " command puts the directory ", StyleBox["dir", FontSlant->"Italic"], " on your path." }], "Text", CellMargins->{{10.75, 24.125}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, Evaluatable->False, CellLabelMargins->{{11.5625, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, TextAlignment->Left, TextJustification->1, AspectRatioFixed->True, CellTags->"Loading"], Cell["AppendTo[$Path,\"dir\"]", "Input", CellMargins->{{10.75, 24.125}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, CellLabelMargins->{{11.5625, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, AspectRatioFixed->True, CellTags->"Loading"], Cell[TextData[{ "It is customary to place the packages in a subdirectory called \ Applications (APPS under MS-DOS or Microsoft Windows), found under the ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " root directory. In ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " 3.0, the canonical location for applications packages is the directory \ AddOns/Applications. 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One space variable and one time \ variable are allowed." }], "Text", CellMargins->{{10.75, 24.125}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, Evaluatable->False, CellLabelMargins->{{11.5625, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, TextAlignment->Left, TextJustification->1, AspectRatioFixed->True, CellTags->"Scope"], Cell["\<\ Theoretically, there is no limit on the number of equations. In \ practice, for large systems, the computations may take a long time or require \ a lot of memory. Computational speed depends primarily on the amount of \ memory.\ \>", "Text", CellMargins->{{10.75, 24.125}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, Evaluatable->False, CellLabelMargins->{{11.5625, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, TextAlignment->Left, TextJustification->1, AspectRatioFixed->True, CellTags->"Scope"], Cell[TextData[{ "Only polynomial invariants and symmetries are computed. By design, ", StyleBox["Integrability", FontSlant->"Italic"], " constructs only invariants and symmetries that are uniform in rank. The \ uniform rank assumption allows one to compute independent invariants and \ symmetries piece by piece, without having to split linear combinations. Due \ to the superposition principle, a linear combination of invariants of unequal \ rank is still an invariant. This situation arises frequently when parameters \ with weights are introduced. " }], "Text", CellMargins->{{10.75, 24.125}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, Evaluatable->False, CellLabelMargins->{{11.5625, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, TextAlignment->Left, TextJustification->1, AspectRatioFixed->True, CellTags->"Scope"], Cell["\<\ The systems may have parameters, which are assumed to be nonzero. \ If a system has parameters, the program will compute the conditions for these \ parameters so that invariants or symmetries of a given rank might exist. The \ assumption that parameters are nonzero is necessary. As a result of setting \ parameters to zero in an equation, the weights and therefore the ranks might \ change.\ \>", "Text", CellMargins->{{10.75, 24.125}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, Evaluatable->False, CellLabelMargins->{{11.5625, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, TextAlignment->Left, TextJustification->1, AspectRatioFixed->True, CellTags->"Scope"], Cell["\<\ The assumption that the systems are uniform in rank is not very \ restrictive. If the uniform rank condition is violated, users can introduce \ parameters with weights. This also allows some flexibility in the form of the \ invariants and symmetries such that invariants and symmetries may not be \ uniform in rank. In cases where it is not clear whether or not parameters \ with weights should be introduced, one should start without introducing any. \ If this causes incompatibilities in the assignment of weights, program tries \ to cure the incompatibility by introducing parameters with weights. In cases \ of persistent incompatibility, corresponding diagnostic messages are \ printed.\ \>", "Text", CellMargins->{{10.75, 24.125}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, Evaluatable->False, CellLabelMargins->{{11.5625, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, TextAlignment->Left, TextJustification->1, AspectRatioFixed->True, CellTags->"Scope"], Cell["\<\ Negative weights on the dependent variables are not permitted. Zero \ weights are allowed, but at least one of the dependent variables must have \ positive weight. Fractional weights and ranks are permitted. In the case of \ existence of free weights function calls are returned unevaluated.\ \>", "Text", CellMargins->{{10.75, 24.125}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, Evaluatable->False, CellLabelMargins->{{11.5625, Inherited}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, TextAlignment->Left, TextJustification->1, AspectRatioFixed->True, CellTags->"Scope"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Acknowledgements", "Section", CellMargins->{{Inherited, 31.5}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, Evaluatable->False, AspectRatioFixed->True, CellTags->"Acknowledgements"], Cell[TextData[{ "Thanks to R. Setinkaya, M. Ito, D. Lichtblau, J. Sanders, M. Trott, F. \ Verheest, J.P. Wang, P. Winternitz, S. Wolfram for many valuable comments and \ suggestions. ", ButtonBox["National Science Foundation", ButtonData:>{ URL[ "http://www.nsf.gov"], None}, ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"], " (USA) and ", ButtonBox["Wolfram Research", ButtonData:>{ URL[ "http://www.wolfram.com"], None}, ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"], ", Inc. are thanked for the support in development of this package." }], "Text", CellMargins->{{Inherited, 31.5}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, Evaluatable->False, TextAlignment->Left, TextJustification->1, AspectRatioFixed->True, CellTags->"Acknowledgements"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[TextData[StyleBox["References", FontWeight->"Bold"]], "Section", CellMargins->{{Inherited, 27.125}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, Evaluatable->False, TextAlignment->Left, TextJustification->1, AspectRatioFixed->True, FontWeight->"Plain", CellTags->"References"], Cell[TextData[{ "M.J. Ablowitz and P.A. Clarkson, ", StyleBox["Nonlinear Evolution Equations and Inverse Scattering", FontSlant->"Italic"], ", Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991.\nU. Goktas and W. Hereman, \ ", StyleBox["Symbolic Computation of Conserved Densities for Systems of \ Nonlinear Evolution Equations", FontSlant->"Italic"], ", J. Symbolic Computation 24(5), 591-621, 1997.\nU. Goktas and W. \ Hereman, ", StyleBox["Computation of Conservation Laws for Nonlinear Lattices", FontSlant->"Italic"], ", Physica D 123(1-4) , 425-436 , 1998.\nU. Goktas and W. Hereman, ", StyleBox["Computation of Higher-order Symmetries for Nonlinear Evolution \ and Lattice Equations", FontSlant->"Italic"], ", Adv. Comput. Math. 11 , 55-80 , 1999.\nU. Goktas, W. Hereman and G. \ Erdmann, ", StyleBox["Symbolic Computation of Conserved Densities for Systems of \ Nonlinear Differential-Difference Equations", FontSlant->"Italic"], ", Phys. Lett. A 236(1-2), 30-38, 1997.\nW. Hereman, U. Goktas, M. \ Colagrosso and A. Miller, ", StyleBox["Algorithmic Integrability Tests for", "SmallTextSans"], StyleBox[" ", FontSlant->"Italic"], StyleBox["Nonlinear Differential and Lattice Equations", "SmallTextSans", FontSlant->"Italic"], ", Comput. Phys. Commun. 115(2-3), 428-446, 1998.\nM. Hickman and W. \ Hereman, ", StyleBox["Computation of Densities and Fluxes of Nonlinear \ Differential-difference Equations", FontSlant->"Italic"], ", Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 459 , 2705-2729, 2003.\nM. Ito, Comput. Phys. \ Commun. 79 , 547-554, 1994.\nA.V. Mikhailov, A.B. Shabat and V.V. Sokolov, \ Russian Math. Surveys 42, 1-63, 1987.\nP.J. Olver, ", StyleBox["Applications of Lie Groups to Differential Equations", FontSlant->"Italic"], ", Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1986.\nS. Wolfram, ", StyleBox["The Mathematica Book", FontSlant->"Italic"], ", Fifth Edition, Wolfram Media-Cambridge University Press, 2003." }], "Text", CellMargins->{{Inherited, 27.125}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, Evaluatable->False, TextAlignment->Left, TextJustification->1, AspectRatioFixed->True, CellTags->"References"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Contact Information", "Section", CellMargins->{{Inherited, 31.5}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, Evaluatable->False, AspectRatioFixed->True, CellTags->"Contact"], Cell[TextData[{ "For information about the features of ", StyleBox["Integrability, ", FontSlant->"Italic"], "or in case of trouble, contact Willy Hereman by email: ", ButtonBox["whereman@mines.edu", ButtonData:>{ URL[ "mailto:whereman@mines.edu"], None}, ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"], " or mail to: Colorado School of Mines, Department of Mathematical and \ Computer Sciences, Golden, Colorado 80401-1887, U.S.A. You can also reach me \ by fax @ + 1-303-273-3875 (mention for Prof. Hereman) or by phone @ + \ 1-303-273-3881. Authors will greatly appreciate hearing your comments about \ any of the material in the ", StyleBox["Integrability", FontSlant->"Italic"], " package." }], "Text", CellMargins->{{Inherited, 31.5}, {Inherited, Inherited}}, Evaluatable->False, TextAlignment->Left, TextJustification->1, AspectRatioFixed->True, CellTags->"Contact"] }, Open ]] }, FrontEndVersion->"5.0 for Microsoft Windows", ScreenRectangle->{{0, 1280}, {0, 941}}, ScreenStyleEnvironment->"AllBrackets", PrintingStyleEnvironment->"EnhancedPrintout", WindowToolbars->{"RulerBar", "EditBar"}, CellGrouping->Automatic, WindowSize->{1272, 907}, WindowMargins->{{0, Automatic}, {Automatic, 0}}, PrintingCopies->1, PrintingStartingPageNumber->3, PrintingPageRange->{Automatic, Automatic}, PageFooterLines->{True, True}, PrintingOptions->{"PrintingMargins"->{{72, 54}, {72, 72}}, "PrintCellBrackets"->False, "PrintRegistrationMarks"->False, "PrintMultipleHorizontalPages"->False}, PrivateNotebookOptions->{"ColorPalette"->{RGBColor, 128}}, ShowCellLabel->True, ShowCellTags->True, RenderingOptions->{"ObjectDithering"->True, "RasterDithering"->False}, CharacterEncoding->"ISO8859-1", Magnification->1.5, StyleDefinitions -> "HelpBrowser.nb" ] (******************************************************************* Cached data follows. 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